RECENT ADVANCES AND CONTRADICTIONS IN THE STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL ROLES OF UBIQUITIN LIGASES THAT REGULATE RIG-I-LIKE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ANTIVIRAL INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES

RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors and are essential for antiviral innate immune responses, such as type I interferon production.Post-translational modification is critical for the activation and inactivation of RIG-I and MDA5.At least seven ubiquitin ligases have been reported to be involved in either K63- or K48-linked polyubiquitin

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a progressive degenerative movement disorder characterized by kinetic tremor, cerebellar gait ataxia, parkinsonism, and cognitive decline.This disorder occurs in both males and females, frequently in families with children who have fragile X syndrome.The clinical features of this disorder, both

ABSTRACT Hundreds of small RNAs (sRNAs) have been identified in diverse bacterial species, and while the functions of most remain unknown, some regulate key processes, particularly stress responses.The sRNA DicF was identified over 25 years ago as an inhibitor of cell division but since then has remained uncharacterized.DicF consists of 53 nucleoti